Barstool Sportsbook Legal Status Across States


Intro
In recent years, the sports betting landscape in the United States has undergone a seismic shift. With more states legalizing gambling and platforms like Barstool Sportsbook stepping into the fray, the terrain is ripe for exploration. This comprehensive guide aims to illuminate the legal standing of Barstool Sportsbook across various jurisdictions, pitting state regulations against the operational intricacies of one of the industry's emerging giants.
As the dust settles on what was once a heavily regulated and restricted market, understanding the nuances of sports betting laws becomes imperative. The implications of legalization extend beyond the mere act of placing a bet. With these changes come unique frameworks that govern how sportsbooks like Barstool operate, each tailored to fit specific state stipulations. This guide will also highlight critical features and considerations that might be unique to each state, offering insights for gamblers, casino enthusiasts, and poker players alike.
This guide doesnโt just scratch the surface; it will dive deep into personal experiences, peering into the minds of players, and examining how these laws shape behaviors and strategies. The future trends in the sports betting industry, particularly the potential growth trajectory of Barstool in the competitive landscape, warrants attention in a thoughtfully crafted examination of its operation.
Buckle up as we journey through the legal complexities and fascinating features surrounding Barstool Sportsbook's presence across various states.
Preface to Barstool Sportsbook
Barstool Sportsbook has carved out a notable place within the fast-evolving realm of legal sports betting in the United States. This section serves to illuminate the significance of understanding Barstool Sportsbook and its operational landscape, especially for those who are keen on exploring legal sports wagering options. The platform is not merely an app; it's an ecosystem that caters to a burgeoning audience of sports enthusiasts and gamblers who yearn for an engaging and dynamic betting experience.
Background of Barstool Sportsbook
Barstool Sportsbook emerged from the popular culture of sports entertainment, having been founded by the team behind Barstool Sports, which has been a staple in sports media since its inception. The sportsbook was launched in 2020, marking the company's expansion from digital content to real-money wagering. By leveraging its loyal fanbase and extensive content, Barstool Sportsbook aims to offer a unique blend of sports commentary and betting functionality. The familiarity of Barstool's voice distinguishes it from typical online sportsbooks, drawing in consumers who appreciate both sports and betting culture.
Additionally, Barstool Sportsbook looks to spread enjoyment through various promotions and user-friendly interfaces, making sports betting less daunting for newcomers while providing intricate features for seasoned gamblers. Itโs a solid convergence of entertainment and betting, presenting itself as an avenue for fans to not only cheer for their teams but also financially engage in their outcomes.
The Evolution of Sports Betting in the U.S.
The landscape of sports betting in the United States is a story of transformation. Historically, many states adhered to strict regulations thumbed through the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act of 1992, which prohibited sports betting in most areas. However, everything changed in 2018 when the Supreme Court struck down PASPA, paving the way for individual states to legislate their own sports betting regulations.
As states scrambled to take advantage of this new opportunity, an increasing number began to legalize sports betting, leading to a rapid expansion of online platforms. States have tailored their regulations depending on their unique markets and public opinion. As a result, betting has become more mainstream and socially acceptable, transforming from a clandestine pastime to a legitimate source of revenue for many states. This evolution not only created a robust regulatory environment but also laid the groundwork for platforms like Barstool Sportsbook to thrive.
All these elements underline the relevance of discussing Barstool Sportsbook comprehensively. Understanding its background and the greater narrative of sports betting legalization is crucial as it offers insights into future trends, legal hurdles, and opportunities in the growing market.
Understanding Legal Sports Betting
Understanding legal sports betting is vital in the context of this article because it forms the backbone of how platforms like Barstool Sportsbook operate across various states. With the recent expansion of legalized sports betting, states have begun to craft their unique regulations and legislations. This shifting landscape presents both opportunities and challenges for operators and consumers.
The legal framework governing sports betting is not a one-size-fits-all solution. Each state has its own set of rules, which can influence everything from the types of bets allowed to the taxation rates imposed on winnings. Thus, grasping these legal intricacies is key for anyone looking to engage with platforms like Barstool Sportsbook.
Not only does this knowledge empower users to make informed decisions, but it also provides insights into the ongoing trends shaping the sports betting industry. Such understanding can guide bettors in evaluating their options and finding platforms that align with their preferences and legal stipulations.
Legal Framework for Sports Betting
The legal framework for sports betting in the United States shifted dramatically following the Supreme Courtโs decision in 2018 that overturned the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act (PASPA). This ruling allowed individual states to legislate their own sports betting laws, leading to a surge in legalization efforts.
Several key elements characterize this framework:
- State Control: Each state has the authority to determine the legality of sports betting and set regulations.
- Variety of Models: States have adopted various models, from online-only betting to retail sportsbooks. This diversity allows states to design systems that suit their unique populations and economies.
- Tax Structures: Different states apply varying tax rates on sports betting revenues, influencing how operators structure their offerings.
Understanding this framework is fundamental for users. Not only does it dictate where Barstool Sportsbook can operate legally, but it also shapes the user experience based on regulations in each state.
Key Legislation Affecting Barstool Sportsbook
In the realm of legal sports betting, several critical pieces of legislation directly affect Barstool Sportsbook and its operations. As states have liberalized their betting laws, they have often crafted legislation that temporarily considers the operational requirements for sportsbooks as they set forth their own rules.
Some notable legislation includes:
- State Betting Bills: Each stateโs specific legal text must outline regulations including minimum age, licensing fees, and tax rates, which impact Barstool's strategy and outreach plans.
- Consumer Protection Regulations: Laws designed to protect bettors, ensuring fair play and transparent operations; these laws vary significantly by state.
- Taxation Policies: Certain regulations also dictate how Barstool will report and remit taxes on winnings, which can directly affect sport betting margins.
Together, this legislation creates a complex environment in which Barstool Sportsbook must navigate to provide its services effectively. Familiarity with such legislation enhances a bettorโs ability to engage meaningfully, understanding how regulations could affect their betting experience.
States Where Barstool Sportsbook Operates
Understanding the states where Barstool Sportsbook operates is key to grasping the overall narrative of this guide. Legal sports betting is an evolving landscape in the United States, and each state brings its own set of regulations, benefits, and considerations. Having a comprehensive overview of where Barstool is operational not only informs potential bettors but also highlights the competitive nature of the market.


- Local Regulations: Each state implements different regulations that impact how Barstool Sportsbook functions. Bettors need to know state policies to navigate sports betting legally.
- Market Penetration: Knowing which states allow Barstool Sportsbook indicates its market reach and reliability. More operational markets often lead to a wider variety of betting options and promotions.
- Choice for Bettors: Availability of Barstool Sportsbook in various states gives gamblers diverse options, enhancing their wagering experience.
Overview of States with Legal Barstool Sportsbook
Barstool Sportsbook has made inroads into various states, each with unique attributes and gaming laws. Hereโs a quick look at the states that have legalized Barstool Sportsbook:
- Pennsylvania
- Michigan
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Virginia
This lineup represents a mix of regions where sports betting is not only accepted but thriving, which can lead to variations in user experience and market offerings.
Detailed Examination of Each State
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania is significant for Barstool Sportsbookโs operations due to its expansive market and well-established regulatory framework. This state was among the early adopters of legalized sports betting post-PASPA, making it a cornerstone for many sportsbooks. Key characteristic: The Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board is known for setting rigorous licensing requirements, ensuring a secure betting environment.
Barstoolโs entry into this market came with a robust digital platform that caters to an increasingly tech-savvy population. Unique Feature: The state not only allows online betting but also has provisions for retail operations, providing flexibility and access. However, in terms of taxation, Pennsylvania does levy one of the highest tax rates on sports betting revenue in the country, which can affect promotional offerings.
Michigan
Michigan has seen a rapid development of its sports betting scene, offering a favorable landscape for Barstool Sportsbook. Contribution: The stateโs recent legislation has rejuvenated its gambling markets. Key characteristic: Michiganders enjoy a rich mix of both online and retail betting options, making it a vibrant locale for sportsbooks.
Unique Feature: The state has embraced mobile sports betting heartily, allowing Barstool to tap into a demographic eager to engage from the comfort of their homes. The downside? High competition among sportsbooks means that Barstool must continuously innovate its offerings to stand out.
Illinois
In Illinois, the story shifts to large urban populations and potential user bases. The state recently expanded its sports betting framework, making it easier for operators like Barstool to gain a foothold. Key characteristic: Legal sports betting is available both at physical locations and online, although online license renewals can be tricky. Contribution: This stateโs regulatory landscape is still in transition, providing both opportunities and challenges for Barstool.
Unique Feature: Illinois is often viewed as a pivotal market because of the presence of major cities like Chicago. The disadvantage is that a comprehensive understanding of local laws is essential for bettors, who may find it difficult to keep track of changing regulations.
Indiana
Indiana emerged as another promising ground for Barstool Sportsbook, having legalized sports betting shortly after PASPA was overturned. This state has a competitive but friendly environment where Barstool can thrive. Key characteristic: The licensing processes are relatively straightforward, which promotes new sportsbooks to enter the arena. Contribution: The market benefits from active engagement from sports fans, thanks to a strong culture around college and professional sports.
Unique Feature: Low taxation rates are a boon for both sportsbooks and bettors in Indiana, ultimately leading to enticing promotions. However, bettors should be wary of specific terms related to bonuses and wagering requirements, as advertised offers might have strings attached.
Virginia
Virginia is a newer player in the sports betting landscape but is quickly shaping up to be an important market for Barstool Sportsbook. Contribution: The law that passed in 2020 allowed online only operations for sports betting, giving Barstool a unique avenue to cater to tech-forward bettors.
Key characteristic: With a focus on streamlined online interfaces, Barstool has capitalized on this market shift promptly. Unique Feature: Despite the lack of retail locations at this moment, the online-only structure has actually simplified the betting process for users. Challenges await, however, as regulations evolve and competition rises.
"Each state tells its own story in the world of sports betting; understanding these narratives is crucial for both operators and bettors."
Through careful exploration of these states, we gain insights not only into Barstool Sportsbook's operational landscape but also the broader implications of legal sports betting across various jurisdictions. This understanding lays the groundwork for potential growth and development in the industry.
Regulatory Considerations for States
Understanding how regulatory considerations play a crucial role in the operation of Barstool Sportsbook is key for anyone looking to dive into the world of legal sports betting. These regulations not only shape the betting experience but also impact the overall integrity of the sports betting landscape. With every state adopting its own specific framework, itโs vital to comprehend the landscape in which Barstool operates.
State-Specific Gambling Regulations
Each state that allows sports betting has developed its own set of laws and regulations tailored to their unique socio-economic environments. These state-specific gambling regulations determine critical factors, including:
- Age Restrictions: Most states set a minimum legal age for betting, typically either 18 or 21 years old. This means that Barstool Sportsbookโs user base must comply with these regulations to ensure legitimacy.
- Taxation Policies: States vary widely in how they tax sportsbook revenues. Some states offer appealing tax rates to attract betting operators, while others may impose hefty taxes, affecting profitability and bonuses.
- Geolocation Requirements: Many states enforce strict geolocation laws to ensure that users only place bets from within the state lines. Barstool has to effectively manage this aspect to stay compliant.
- Advertising Guidelines: In some states, the way sportsbooks can advertise is closely monitored, impacting how Barstool promotes its services and engages potential customers.
These regulations aim to protect consumers, ensure fair play, and create a sustainable betting environment. Understanding them is not just legal knowledge; it's part of strategic planning for anyone engaging in sports betting.
Licensing Requirements for Barstool
Licensing is perhaps one of the most significant hurdles for any sportsbook wanting to operate legally. Barstool Sportsbook must adhere to rigorous licensing requirements established by each state, including:


- Application Process: The initial step involves submitting a comprehensive application to the stateโs gaming commission, detailing the sportsbookโs structure, ownership, and operational plans.
- Background Checks: Individuals behind Barstool must pass background checks. This ensures that no individuals with criminal histories or fraudulent activities are involved, thus maintaining the industry's integrity.
- Financial Stability: States often require evidence showing that Barstool has the financial means to operate effectively. This would typically include showing the ability to cover payouts and operational costs.
- Technology Standards: Certain states demand that sportsbooks meet specific technology standards to ensure fairness in the betting process and provide adequate security for usersโ data.
Securing the proper licensing is not just about complying with laws, but it also builds trust with users and regulators alike. In an environment that, at times, can feel like the Wild West, adherence to these regulations fosters confidence in both Barstool Sportsbook and the overall betting experience.
โRegulatory frameworks are the foundation of a healthy gambling environment, balancing player safety with fair competition.โ
In sum, regulatory considerations are a linchpin in the structure of Barstool Sportsbookโs operations across various states. From understanding state-specific gambling laws to meeting licensing requirements, a well-informed approach can facilitate a successful betting platform that aligns with legal and ethical standards.
Features of Barstool Sportsbook
Barstool Sportsbook is more than just a platform for betting; itโs a comprehensive environment that aims to enhance the overall user experience. In an industry that is increasingly competitive, understanding the features offered by Barstool is essential for players looking to make informed decisions. Key attributes include an intuitive user interface, a variety of betting options, and attractive promotions. These elements not only make the platform more engaging but also contribute significantly to the enjoyment and satisfaction of its users.
User Interface and Experience
When it comes to online betting, first impressions matter. A clean and intuitive user interface ensures that users can navigate effortlessly between different sections of the sportsbook. Barstool Sportsbook achieves this with a straightforward design that emphasizes usability. Whether you are a seasoned gambler or a newbie, you should feel at home. The layout is designed in such a way that finding odds, placing bets, or checking your account is smooth sailing. You can expect to find:
- Easy Navigation: Clear categories like โLive Betting,โ โPromotions,โ and โSportsโ are prominent, making it a breeze to find what you are looking for.
- Responsive Design: The platform is optimized for both mobile and desktop users, allowing gamblers to wager on-the-go or from the comfort of their home.
- Real-Time Updates: Live scores and odds refresh continuously, providing gambling enthusiasts with up-to-the-minute information. This is crucial for live betting, where every second counts.
Betting Options Available
Diversity is the name of the game when it comes to betting options. Barstool Sportsbook offers a wide variety that caters to different preferences, appealing to various types of bettors.
Key Betting Types:
- Traditional Sports Bets: This includes moneylines, point spreads, and totals across a wide range of sports.
- Parlay Bets: Allows users to combine multiple wagers into one, potentially leading to larger payouts if all bets win.
- Proposition Bets: Often referred to as โprop bets,โ these bet on specific events within a game, such as player performance or specific scores. This adds an extra layer of engagement.
- Live Betting: A feature that permits users to place bets in real-time as the action unfolds. This is particularly thrilling for those who enjoy the dynamic nature of sports.
Each betting option is well-presented, with clearly stated odds that help users make informed decisions without any ambiguity.
Promotions and Bonuses
Attracting and retaining users is crucial for any sportsbook, and Barstool Sportsbook excels in this arena with its array of promotions and bonuses. New users are often greeted with enticing welcome bonuses. However, the value doesn't stop there; ongoing promotions keep the excitement alive for all bettors.
Popular Promotions Include:
- Sign-Up Bonuses: A common way to entice new users, often matching a percentage of your first deposit.
- Free Bets: Users may receive free bet credits after meeting certain conditions, allowing them to gamble without risking their own funds.
- Loyalty Programs: These reward regular play, which can turn into redeemable points. This approach fosters a community atmosphere while giving users additional motivation to engage.
"Promotions and bonuses are the icing on the cake for users, making their betting experience more rewarding and enjoyable."
The Economic Impact of Legal Sports Betting
The landscape of legal sports betting is ever-changing, and its effects ripple through various segments of the economy. Exploring the economic impact of legal sports betting can shed light on how states, businesses, and individuals can benefit from this burgeoning sector. Legalization offers opportunities for revenue generation and job creation, which significantly influence local and state economies. Understanding these elements allows stakeholders to navigate the opportunities and challenges presented by sports betting.
Revenue Generation for States
One of the most notable advantages of legal sports betting is the revenue it generates for states. States that have legalized sports betting often see a marked increase in their tax income. This new revenue stream can be directed toward essential public services. For example, education and infrastructure initiatives often see substantial funding from taxes imposed on sports betting.
Reasons why states see this increase include:
- Tax Revenue: Legal sports betting typically comes with a tax on gross gaming revenue, which states can use to fund programs, public health, and even mitigate budget deficits.
- Increased Tourism: States that embrace sports betting often see a boost in tourism. Visitors eager to place bets may spend money on related activities, such as dining, hotel stays, and entertainment.
- Enhancing Local Businesses: Bars and restaurants often benefit as betting patrons gather in these establishments to watch games and wager, positively boosting the local economy.
As a result, it is not unusual for lawmakers to tout the financial benefits of sports betting to garner support for legalization. States can establish frameworks that collect and use this revenue wisely.
"The tax revenues from legal sports betting can provide much-needed resources for public services, helping to improve the lives of citizens across various communities."
Job Creation in the Gambling Industry
Beyond job opportunities directly tied to sports betting organizations, the impacts on employment stretch far and wide. Legalizing sports betting promotes job creation not only in betting establishments but also in various allied sectors. Here are some observations:
- Direct Employment: Sportsbooks require staff for operations, ranging from odds makers to customer service representatives. The demand for trained professionals is growing.
- Tech Sector Growth: The technology behind online betting platforms requires skilled workers, leading to job creation in software development, cybersecurity, and data analytics.
- Increased Demand for Support Services: The influx of new betting establishments means additional demand for services such as marketing, advertising, and logistics.
Additionally, the gambling sector as a whole helps to stimulate employment across numerous industries. For instance, marketing agencies see new opportunities as they promote sportsbooks, while construction companies may get contracts to build new venues.


In essence, when states choose to legalize sports betting, they don't just add a new form of entertainment; they trigger a domino effect that can significantly enhance job prospects across the economy.
Challenges and Risks of Sports Betting
Sports betting brings excitement and potential winnings, but it also comes with its fair share of challenges and risks. Understanding these elements is crucial, especially as Barstool Sportsbook continues to operate in various legal states across the country. The allure of making a quick buck can overshadow the need for responsible practices, and caregivers must tread carefully through the landscape of gambling.
Responsible Gambling Practices
Responsible gambling is not just a slogan; it's an essential framework designed to help maintain a balance between enjoyment and the potential pitfalls of betting. Encouraging responsible behaviors is critical for both bettors and operators like Barstool Sportsbook.
- Setting Limits: Users should set firm betting limits before they start gambling. This includes financial caps on how much theyโre willing to spend in a day, week, or month.
- Self-Exclusion Programs: Many states offer self-exclusion programs. This allows individuals to voluntarily barr themselves from gambling at any sportsbook, including Barstool, for a specified period.
- Utilizing Resources: Bettors should familiarize themselves with available resources, such as hotline numbers and support groups. Tools like Gamblers Anonymous provide a community of support and understanding.
- Educating Gamblers: Education on responsible gambling is vital. Providing resources on odds, the nature of betting, and potential outcomes can empower individuals to make informed choices.
"Understanding the risks and setting clear boundaries can transform gambling from a risky affair into a structured entertainment activity."
Potential for Betting Addiction
The potential for addiction is one of the most significant concerns surrounding sports betting. While most gamblers can enjoy betting in moderation, the thrill can lead some individuals to develop problematic behaviors. Here are key aspects to consider:
- Signs of Addiction: It's vital to pinpoint the signs early. These can include continuously thinking about gambling, needing to bet larger amounts to achieve the same excitement, or chasing losses with more bets.
- Societal Implications: Betting addiction can strain relationships, impact work performance, and even lead to financial despair. The effects ripple far beyond the individual, affecting families and communities as well.
- Prevention Strategies: Awareness campaigns and educational initiatives are critical in spreading knowledge about the signs of gambling addiction. Programs focused on prevention provide the tools necessary to identify problematic behaviors early on.
In the world of wagering, the road can get bumpy. Adopting strict responsible gambling practices and understanding the risk of addiction can provide a safer and more enjoyable betting landscape for all enthusiasts who engage with Barstool sportsbook.
For more information on responsible gambling, visit National Council on Problem Gambling.
The journey in sports betting can be filled with thrills and spills, but caution must always be the name of the game.
Future Trends in Sports Betting
The landscape of sports betting is rapidly evolving. This section highlights significant trends shaping the future, particularly the growth of online platforms and emerging technologies. Understanding these trends is vital, as they impact not only the operations of Barstool Sportsbook but also the gambling habits and preferences of bettors. Key insights into how these developments influence the market can help both operators and gamblers navigate this changing environment.
The Growth of Online Sports Betting
The rise of the internet ushered a seismic shift in how people engage in betting activities. Once dominated by physical locations, sports betting is now substantially online. The robust growth of mobile sports betting has been particularly pronounced. States that legalized online gambling have seen revenue streams swell almost overnight. Notably, places like Pennsylvania and New Jersey experience stark growth in their betting markets as bettors prefer the convenience of mobile apps over traditional sportsbooks.
The global pandemic only expedited this trend, as people turned to online platforms during lockdowns. Many people, not just seasoned gamblers, discovered the thrill of placing bets from the comfort of their homes. This notion is echoed by rising statistics: by early 2023, it was reported that upwards of 80% of betting in states with legal online sports betting occurs via mobile devices.
To keep this trend alive, companies, including Barstool Sportsbook, invest significantly in user experience and interface. If you can easily place a bet in a couple of taps, you're more likely to return.
Technological Innovations in Betting
As the gambling world progresses, technology is at the forefront of change. From blockchain to artificial intelligence, innovation is not merely an enhancement but a necessity to retain clients and optimize operations. One major innovation is the use of live betting, which allows punters to place bets on ongoing events in real-time. Such advancements add excitement and interactivity to the betting experience, keeping users engaged.
Furthermore, artificial intelligence plays a role in data analysis. Bookmakers now utilize machine learning algorithms to assess probabilities and risks more accurately, offering bettors more compelling odds. This element of predictive analytics changes the entire strategy behind betting, as informed decisions are more easily made.
On another front, blockchain technology promises to improve transparency and security within the industry. Smart contracts can ensure that bets are paid out automatically, eliminating friction points in the withdrawal process. This level of trust is paramount for enhancing user satisfaction.
"Innovation will not only attract new users to the world of sports betting but also retain existing customers through enhanced experiences and security."
As virtual reality gains traction, we might even witness fully immersive betting experiences. Imagine placing bets in a virtual stadium where you can virtually be present during matches. This all points towards an exciting future that blends technological advancements with sports betting.
Finale
As we draw this extensive exploration of Barstool Sportsbookโs legal landscape to a close, itโs essential to grasp the significance of the insights presented throughout this article. The conversation around legal sports betting is continually evolving, and understanding the status of Barstool Sportsbook can empower both casual punters and seasoned bettors alike. Not only do the legal standings across various states dictate who can participate in sports betting, but they also shape the broader gambling culture in the U.S.
Summarizing Key Insights on Barstool Sportsbook
Throughout the article, we have outlined several key insights about Barstool Sportsbook:
- Widespread Operations: Barstool Sportsbook is making inroads in multiple states, adapting its offerings to comply with diverse regulatory frameworks. It operates mainly in states like Pennsylvania and Michigan, where online betting has seen significant growth.
- User-Friendly Features: The platform boasts an engaging user interface, diverse betting options ranging from traditional sports to live events, as well as a range of promotions that appeal to both new and seasoned bettors.
- Economic Impact: The legalization of sports betting, particularly through platforms like Barstool, has shown potential for generating revenue for states and creating jobs within the gambling sector. The implications here extend beyond mere numbers; we see investments in communities as well.
- Risk Awareness: Itโs crucial to consider the challenges associated with sports betting. The need for responsible gambling measures and awareness around betting addiction remains a pressing concern that businesses and regulators must address collectively.
The Future of Sports Betting in the U.S.
The sports betting landscape in the United States is poised for continued transformation. As states increasingly liberalize their gambling laws, the future looks promising for platforms like Barstool Sportsbook. This shift could usher in innovations that make gambling more accessible and exciting for participants. There are a few trends that we might expect:
- Technological Advancements: Expect more integrations of technology, such as live streaming and in-game betting features, allowing for a more immersive betting experience.
- Expansion of Legal Access: More states are likely to join the ranks of those that have legalized sports betting, broadening the reach of Barstool Sportsbook and similar platforms.
- Evolving Regulations: Laws will continue to develop, and maintaining compliance will be paramount for operators. As states look to protect consumers and establish fair sports betting practices, we may see new regulations emerge that change how sports betting operates.
- Increased Competition: With new players entering the market, Barstool Sportsbook will need to innovate continually to maintain its competitive edge. This could lead to better offerings and more attractive promotions for users.
By keeping an eye on these trends, both gamblers and industry stakeholders can prepare for whatโs ahead, ensuring a well-informed approach to navigating the exciting world of sports betting in the U.S.















